Java同步机制：sychronized对代码影响

作者:duketian 日期:2008-05-20 11:08:26

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Java对多线程的支持与同步机制深受大家的喜爱，似乎看起来使用了synchronized关键字就可以轻松地解决多线程共享数据同步问题。到底如何？――还得对synchronized关键字的作用进行深入了解才可定论。

总的说来，synchronized关键字可以作为函数的修饰符，也可作为函数内的语句，也就是平时说的同步方法和同步语句块。如果再细的分类，synchronized可作用于instance变量、object reference（对象引用）、static函数和class literals(类名称字面常量)身上。

在进一步阐述之前，我们需要明确几点：

A．无论synchronized关键字加在方法上还是对象上，它取得的锁都是对象，而不是把一段代码或函数当作锁――而且同步方法很可能还会被其他线程的对象访问。

B．每个对象只有一个锁（lock）与之相关联。

C．实现同步是要很大的系统开销作为代价的，甚至可能造成死锁，所以尽量避免无谓的同步控制。

接着来讨论synchronized用到不同地方对代码产生的影响：

假设P1、P2是同一个类的不同对象，这个类中定义了以下几种情况的同步块或同步方法，P1、P2就都可以调用它们。

1．把synchronized当作函数修饰符时，示例代码如下：

Public synchronized void methodAAA()
{
 
//….
 
}

这也就是同步方法，那这时synchronized锁定的是哪个对象呢？它锁定的是调用这个同步方法对象。也就是说，当一个对象P1在不同的线程中执行这个同步方法时，它们之间会形成互斥，达到同步的效果。但是这个对象所属的Class所产生的另一对象P2却可以任意调用这个被加了synchronized关键字的方法。

上边的示例代码等同于如下代码：

public void methodAAA()
{
 
synchronized (this)      //  (1)
 
{
       //…..
}
 
}

(1)处的this指的是什么呢？它指的就是调用这个方法的对象，如P1。可见同步方法实质是将synchronized作用于object reference。――那个拿到了P1对象锁的线程，才可以调用P1的同步方法，而对P2而言，P1这个锁与它毫不相干，程序也可能在这种情形下摆脱同步机制的控制，造成数据混乱

2．同步块，示例代码如下：

public void method3(SomeObject so)
 
{
 
synchronized(so)
 
{
    //…..
}
 
}

这时，锁就是so这个对象，谁拿到这个锁谁就可以运行它所控制的那段代码。当有一个明确的对象作为锁时，就可以这样写程序，但当没有明确的对象作为锁，只是想让一段代码同步时，可以创建一个特殊的instance变量（它得是一个对象）来充当锁：

class Foo implements Runnable
 
{
 
    private byte[] lock = new byte[0];  // 特殊的instance变量
 
    Public void methodA()
 
{
 
       synchronized(lock) { //… }
 
}
 
//…..
 
}

注：零长度的byte数组对象创建起来将比任何对象都经济――查看编译后的字节码：生成零长度的byte[]对象只需3条操作码，而Object lock = new Object()则需要7行操作码。

3．将synchronized作用于static 函数，示例代码如下：

Class Foo 
 
{
 
public synchronized static void methodAAA()   // 同步的static 函数
 
{
 
//….
 
}
 
public void methodBBB()
 
{
 
synchronized(Foo.class)   //  class literal(类名称字面常量)
 
}
 
}

代码中的methodBBB()方法是把class literal作为锁的情况，它和同步的static函数产生的效果是一样的，取得的锁很特别，是当前调用这个方法的对象所属的类（Class，而不再是由这个Class产生的某个具体对象了）。

记得在《Effective Java》一书中看到过将 Foo.class和 P1.getClass()用于作同步锁还不一样，不能用P1.getClass()来达到锁这个Class的目的。P1指的是由Foo类产生的对象。

可以推断：如果一个类中定义了一个synchronized的static函数A，也定义了一个synchronized 的instance函数B，那么这个类的同一对象Obj在多线程中分别访问A和B两个方法时，不会构成同步，因为它们的锁都不一样。A方法的锁是Obj所属的那个Class，而B的锁是Obj这个对象。

小结：

搞清楚synchronized锁定的是哪个对象，就能帮助我们设计更安全的多线程程序。

还有一些技巧可以让我们对共享资源的同步访问更加安全：

1．定义private 的instance变量+它的 get方法，而不要定义public/protected的instance变量。如果将变量定义为public，对象在外界可以绕过同步方法的控制而直接取得它，并改动它。这也是JavaBean的标准实现方式之一。

2．如果instance变量是一个对象，如数组或ArrayList什么的，那上述方法仍然不安全，因为当外界对象通过get方法拿到这个instance对象的引用后，又将其指向另一个对象，那么这个private变量也就变了，岂不是很危险。这个时候就需要将get方法也加上synchronized同步，并且，只返回这个private对象的clone()――这样，调用端得到的就是对象副本的引用了。

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